November 2010 ~ Technary

Tuesday, November 30, 2010

Call By value in C

Posted by technary.com on 1:51 PM

/* Program on interchanging two numbers demonstrating Call By Values in C*/
#include< stdio.h>
#include< conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y;
x=15;y=20;
clrscr();
printf("x=%d,y=%d\n",x,y);
swap(x,y);
printf("\n after interchanging x=%d,y=%d\n",x,y);
getch();
}
swap(int u,int v)
{
int temp;
temp=u;
u=v;
v=temp;
return;
}

Call By Reference in C

Posted by technary.com on 1:50 PM

/* Program for inerchanging two numbers demonstrating Call By Reference in C */

#include<>
#include<>

void swap(int *,int *);

void main()
{
int x,y;
x=15;y=20;
clrscr();
printf("x=%d,y=%d\n",x,y);
swap(&x,&y);
//printf("\n%x %x",&x,&y);
printf("\n after interchanging x=%d,y=%d\n",x,y);
getch();
}

void swap(int *u,int *v)
{
int temp;
temp=*u;
*u=*v;
*v=temp;

return;
}

How to declare Variables in C++ ?

Posted by technary.com on 1:48 PM

So far e know how to write a simple program to display information typed in by you, the programmer, and how to describe your program with comments. That's great, but what about interacting with your user? Fortunately, it is also possible for your program to accept input. The function you use is known as cin, and is followed by the insertion operator >>.

Of course, before you try to receive input, you must have a place to store that input. In programming, input and data are stored in variables. There are several different types of variables which store different kinds of information (e.g. numbers versus letters); when you tell the compiler you are declaring a variable, you must include the data type along with the name of the variable. Several basic types include char, int, and float.

A variable of type char stores a single character, variables of type int store integers (numbers without decimal places), and variables of type float store numbers with decimal places. Each of these variable types - char, int, and float - is each a keyword that you use when you declare a variable.

What are variable types?

Sometimes it can be confusing to have multiple variable types when it seems like some variable types are redundant (why have integer numbers when you have floats?). Using the right variable type can be important for making your code readable and for efficiency--some variables require more memory than others. Moreover, because of the way the numbers are actually stored in memory, a float is "inexact", and should not be used when you need to store an "exact" integer value.

Declaring Variables in C++

To declare a variable you use the syntax "type ;". Here are some variable declaration examples:

int x; char letter; float the_float;

It is permissible to declare multiple variables of the same type on the same line; each one should be separated by a comma.

int a, b, c, d;

If you were watching closely, you might have seen that declaration of a variable is always followed by a semicolon (note that this is the same procedure used when you call a function).

Common Errors when Declaring Variables in C++

If you attempt to use a variable that you have not declared, your program will not be compiled or run, and you will receive an error message informing you that you have made a mistake. Usually, this is called an undeclared variable

Case Sensitivity

Now is a good time to talk about an important concept that can easily throw you off: case sensitivity. Basically, in C++, whether you use uppercase or lowercase letters matters. The words Cat and cat mean different things to the compiler. In C++, all language keywords, all functions and all variables are case sensitive. A difference in case between your variable declaration and the use of the variable is one reason you might get an undeclared variable error.

Introduction to C++ (with Basic program)

Posted by technary.com on 1:46 PM

A C++ program is a collection of commands, which tell the computer to do "something". This collection of commands is usually called C++ source code, source code or just code. Commands are either "functions" or "keywords". Keywords are a basic building block of the language, while functions are, in fact, usually written in terms of simpler functions--you'll see this in our very first program, below. (Confused? Think of it a bit like an outline for a book; the outline might show every chapter in the book; each chapter might have its own outline, composed of sections. Each section might have its own outline, or it might have all of the details written up.) Thankfully, C++ provides a great many common functions and keywords that you can use.

But how does a program actually start? Every program in C++ has one function, always named main, that is always called when your program first executes. From main, you can also call other functions whether they are written by us or, as mentioned earlier, provided by the compiler.

So how do you get access to those prewritten functions? To access those standard functions that comes with the compiler, you include a header with the #include directive. What this does is effectively take everything in the header and paste it into your program. Let's look at a working program:

#include   using namespace std;  int main() {   cout<<"HEY, you, I'm on www.technary.com Oh, and Hello World!\n";   cin.get(); }

Let's look at the elements of the program. The #include is a "preprocessor" directive that tells the compiler to put code from the header called iostream into our program before actually creating the executable. By including header files, you gain access to many different functions. For example, the cout function requires iostream. Following the include is the statement, "using namespace std;". This line tells the compiler to use a group of functions that are part of the standard library (std). By including this line at the top of a file, you allow the program to use functions such as cout. The semicolon is part of the syntax of C++. It tells the compiler that you're at the end of a command. You will see later that the semicolon is used to end most commands in C++.

The next important line is int main(). This line tells the compiler that there is a function named main, and that the function returns an integer, hence int. The "curly braces" ({ and }) signal the beginning and end of functions and other code blocks. You can think of them as meaning BEGIN and END.

The next line of the program may seem strange. If you have programmed in another language, you might expect that print would be the function used to display text. In C++, however, the cout object is used to display text (pronounced "C out"). It uses the << symbols, known as "insertion operators", to indicate what to output. cout<< results in a function call with the ensuing text as an argument to the function. The quotes tell the compiler that you want to output the literal string as-is. The '\n' sequence is actually treated as a single character that stands for a newline (we'll talk about this later in more detail). It moves the cursor on your screen to the next line. Again, notice the semicolon: it is added onto the end of most lines, such as function calls, in C++.

The next command is cin.get(). This is another function call: it reads in input and expects the user to hit the return key. Many compiler environments will open a new console window, run the program, and then close the window. This command keeps that window from closing because the program is not done yet because it waits for you to hit enter. Including that line gives you time to see the program run.

Upon reaching the end of main, the closing brace, our program will return the value of 0 (and integer, hence why we told main to return an int) to the operating system. This return value is important as it can be used to tell the OS whether our program succeeded or not. A return value of 0 means success and is returned automatically (but only for main, other functions require you to manually return a value), but if we wanted to return something else, such as 1, we would have to do it with a return statement:

#include   using namespace std;  int main() {   cout<<"HEY, you, I'm on www.technary.com Oh, and Hello World!\n";   cin.get();    return 1; }

Programming in C++

Posted by technary.com on 1:45 PM

So what is so special about C++? Why should you use C++ to develop your applications? First, C++ is not the best language to use in every instance. C++ is a great choice in most instances, but some special circumstances would be better suited to another language.

There are a few major advantages to using C++:

1. C++ allows expression of abstract ideas

C++ is a third generation language that allows a programmer to express their ideas at a high level as compared to assembly languages.

2. C++ still allows a programmer to keep low-level control

Even though C++ is a third generation language, it has some of the "feel" of an assembly language. It allows a programmmer to get down into the low-level workings and tune as necessary. C++ allows programmers strict control over memory management.

3. C++ has national standards (ANSI)

C++ is a language with national standards. This is good for many reasons. Code written in C++ that conforms to the national standards can be easily integrated with preexisting code. Also, this allows programmers to reuse certain common libraries, so certain common functions do not need to be written more than once, and these functions behave the same anywhere they are used.

4. C++ is reusable and object-oriented

C++ is an object-oriented language. This makes programming conceptually easier (once the object paradigm has been learned) and allows easy reuse of code, or parts of code through inheritance.

5. C++ is widely used and taught

C++ is a very widely used programming language. Because of this, there are many tools available for C++ programming, and there is a broad base of programmers contributing to the C++ "community".

C++ Common FAQs

Posted by technary.com on 1:20 PM

What is C++?
C++ is a programming language. It literally means "increased C", reflecting its nature as an evolution of the C language.
Is it necessary to already know another programming language before learning C++?
Not necessarily. C++ is a simple and clear language in its expressions. It is true that a piece of code written with C++ may be seen by a stranger of programming a bit more cryptic than some other languages due to the intensive use of special characters ({}[]*&!|...), but once one knows the meaning of such characters it can be even more schematic and clear than other languages that rely more on English words.
Also, the simplification of the input/output interface of C++ in comparison to C and the incorporation of the standard template library in the language, makes the communication and manipulation of data in a program written in C++ as simple as in other languages, without losing the power it offers.
How can I learn C++?
There are many ways. Depending on the time you have and your preferences. The language is taught in many types of academic forms throughout the world, and can also be learnt by oneself with the help of tutorials and books. But you can learn it here on this website!
What is OOP: Object-oriented programming?
It is a programming model that treats programming from a perspective where each component is considered an object, with its own properties and methods, replacing or complementing structured programming paradigm, where the focus was on procedures and parameters.
Is C++ a proprietary language?
No. No one owns the C++ language. Anyone can use the language royalty-free.
What is ANSI-C++?
ANSI-C++ is the name by which the international ANSI/ISO standard for the C++ language is known. But before this standard was published, C++ was already widely used and therefore there is a lot of code out there written in pre-standard C++. Referring to ANSI-C++ explicitly differenciates it from pre-standard C++ code, which is incompatible in some ways.
How may I know if my compiler supports ANSI-C++?
The standard was published in 1998, followed by a revision in 2003. Some compilers older than the standard implement already some of its features, and many newer compilers don't implement all ANSI-C++ features. If you have doubts on whether your compiler will be able to compile ANSI-C++ code, you can try to compile a piece of code with some of the new features introduced mainly after the publication of the standard. For example, the following code fragment uses the bool type, and uses namespaces and templates.

#include
using namespace std;
template
bool ansisupported (T x) { return true; }

int main() {
if (ansisupported(0)) cout << "ANSI OK";
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
ANSI OK

If your compiler is able to compile this program, you will be able to compile most of the existing ANSI-C++ code.
How can I make windowed programs?
You need a C++ compiler that can link code for your windowing environment (Windows, XWindow, MacOS, ...). Windowed programs do not generally use the console to communicate with the user. They use a set of functions or classes to manipulate windows instead, which are specific to each environment. Anyway the same principles apply both for console and windowed programs, except for communicating with the user.
What is Visual C++? And what does "visual programming" mean?
Visual C++ is the name of a C++ compiler with an integrated environment from Microsoft. It includes special tools that simplify the development of large applications as well as specific libraries that improve productivity. The use of these tools is generally known as visual programming. Other manufacturers also develop these types of tools and libraries, like Borland C++, Visual Age, etc...

What was the History of C++?

Posted by technary.com on 1:18 PM

During the 60s, while computers were still in an early stage of development, many new programming languages appeared. Among them, ALGOL 60, was developed as an alternative to FORTRAN but taking from it some concepts of structured programming which would later inspire most procedural languages, such as CPL and its successors (like C++). ALGOL 68 also directly influenced the development of data types in C. Nevertheless ALGOL was an non-specific language and its abstraction made it impractical to solve most commercial tasks.

In 1963 the CPL (Combined Programming language) appeared with the idea of being more specific for concrete programming tasks of that time than ALGOL or FORTRAN. Nevertheless this same specificity made it a big language and, therefore, difficult to learn and implement.

In 1967, Martin Richards developed the BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), that signified a simplification of CPL but kept most important features the language offered. Although it too was an abstract and somewhat large language.

In 1970, Ken Thompson, immersed in the development of UNIX at Bell Labs, created the B language. It was a port of BCPL for a specific machine and system (DEC PDP-7 and UNIX), and was adapted to his particular taste and necessities. The final result was an even greater simplification of CPL, although dependent on the system. It had great limitations, like it did not compile to executable code but threaded-code, which generates slower code in execution, and therefore was inadequate for the development of an operating system. Therefore, from 1971, Dennis Ritchie, from the Bell Labs team, began the development of a B compiler which, among other things, was able to generate executable code directly. This "New B", finally called C, introduced in addition, some other new concepts to the language like data types (char).

In 1973, Dennis Ritchie, had developed the basis of C. The inclusion of types, its handling, as well as the improvement of arrays and pointers, along with the later demonstrated capacity of portability without becoming a high-level language, contributed to the expansion of the C language. It was established with the book "The C Programming Language" by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, known as the White Book, and that served as de facto standard until the publication of formal ANSI standard (ANSI X3J11 committee) in 1989.

In 1980, Bjarne Stroustrup, from Bell labs, began the development of the C++ language, that would receive formally this name at the end of 1983, when its first manual was going to be published. In October 1985, the first commercial release of the language appeared as well as the first edition of the book "The C++ Programming Language" by Bjarne Stroustrup.

During the 80s, the C++ language was being refined until it became a language with its own personality. All that with very few losses of compatibility with the code with C, and without resigning to its most important characteristics. In fact, the ANSI standard for the C language published in 1989 took good part of the contributions of C++ to structured programming.

From 1990 on, ANSI committee X3J16 began the development of a specific standard for C++. In the period elapsed until the publication of the standard in 1998, C++ lived a great expansion in its use and today is the preferred language to develop professional applications on all platforms.

C++ has been evolving, and a new version of the standard, c++0x, is being developed to be published soon, with several new features.

What is C++ and why it is unique?

Posted by technary.com on 1:17 PM

Nowadays computers are able to perform many different tasks, from simple mathematical operations to sophisticated animated simulations. But the computer does not create these tasks by itself, these are performed following a series of predefined instructions that conform what we call a program.

A computer does not have enough creativity to make tasks which it has not been programmed for, so it can only follow the instructions of programs which it has been programmed to run. Those in charge of generating programs so that the computers may perform new tasks are known as programmers or coders, who for that purpose use a programming language.

Programming languages
A programming language is a set of instructions and a series of lexical conventions specifically designed to order computers what to do.

When choosing a programming language to make a project, many different considerations can be taken. First, one must decide what is known as the level of the programming language. The level determines how near to the hardware the programming language is. In the lower level languages, instructions are written thinking directly on interfacing with hardware, while in "high level" ones a more abstract or conceptual code is written.

Generally, high level code is more portable, that means it can work in more different machines with a smaller number of modifications, whereas a low level language is limited by the peculiarides of the hardware which it was written for. Nevertheless, the advantage of low level code is that it is usually faster due to the fact that it is indeed written taking advantage of the possibilities of a specific machine.

A higher or lower level of programming is to be chosen for a specific project depending on the type of program that is being developed. For example, when a hardware driver is developed for an operating system obviously a very low level is used for programming. While when big applications are developed usually a higher level is chosen, or a combination of critic parts written in low level languages and others in higher ones.

Although there are languages that are clearly thought to be low level, like Assembly, whose instruction sets are adapted to each machine the code is made for, and other languages are inherently high level, like the Java, that is designed to be totally independent of the platform where is going to run. The C++ language is in a middle position, since it can interact directly with the hardware almost with no limitations, and can as well abstract lower layers and work like one of the most powerful high level languages.

Why C++ is better than other languages?
C++ has certain characteristics over other programming languages. The most remarkable are:

Object-oriented programming
The possibility to orientate programming to objects allows the programmer to design applications from a point of view more like a communication between objects rather than on a structured sequence of code. In addition it allows a greater reusability of code in a more logical and productive way.
Portability
You can practically compile the same C++ code in almost any type of computer and operating system without making any changes. C++ is the most used and ported programming language in the world.
Brevity
Code written in C++ is very short in comparison with other languages, since the use of special characters is preferred to key words, saving some effort to the programmer (and prolonging the life of our keyboards!).
Modular programming
An application's body in C++ can be made up of several source code files that are compiled separately and then linked together. Saving time since it is not necessary to recompile the complete application when making a single change but only the file that contains it. In addition, this characteristic allows to link C++ code with code produced in other languages, such as Assembler or C.
C Compatibility
C++ is backwards compatible with the C language. Any code written in C can easily be included in a C++ program without making any change.
Speed
The resulting code from a C++ compilation is very efficient, due indeed to its duality as high-level and low-level language and to the reduced size of the language itself.

How to change settings of ip address (ipconfig) using MS DOS?

Posted by technary.com on 1:16 PM

Overview:

Displays internet configuration, including IP address.

Tip: To display your IP address, simply type: ipconfig

Note: If you are using a router to connect to the internet, this command displays your local IP address. It does not display the IP address that the outside world sees. Instead, use getip or visit WhatIsMyIP.com or checkip.dyndns.org.

Command Options:

There are a few options you can use with the ipconfig command. For the complet list of options, type ipconfig /?

The following examples demonstrate some of the more useful options:

ipconfig
ipconfig /all

Displays information about all the network adapters. Add flag /all to display detailed information; otherwise, displays only the IP address, subnet mask and default gateway for each adapter bound to TCP/IP.

ipconfig /flushdns

Used to clear dns, that is, flush the local DNS resolver cache.

ipconfig /renew

Renews the IP address for all network adapters.

ipconfig /?

where
adapter Connection name
(wildcard characters * and ? allowed, see examples)

Options:
/? Display this help message
/all Display full configuration information.
/release Release the IP address for the specified adapter.
/renew Renew the IP address for the specified adapter.
/flushdns Purges the DNS Resolver cache.
/registerdns Refreshes all DHCP leases and re-registers DNS names
/displaydns Display the contents of the DNS Resolver Cache.
/showclassid Displays all the dhcp class IDs allowed for adapter.
/setclassid Modifies the dhcp class id.

The default is to display only the IP address, subnet mask and
default gateway for each adapter bound to TCP/IP.

For Release and Renew, if no adapter name is specified, then the IP address
leases for all adapters bound to TCP/IP will be released or renewed.

For Setclassid, if no ClassId is specified, then the ClassId is removed.

Examples:
> ipconfig ... Show information.
> ipconfig /all ... Show detailed information
> ipconfig /renew ... renew all adapters
> ipconfig /renew EL* ... renew any connection that has its
name starting with EL
> ipconfig /release *Con* ... release all matching connections,
eg. "Local Area Connection 1" or
"Local Area Connection 2"

How to super hide contents of folder in MS DOS?

Posted by technary.com on 1:14 PM

Displays or changes file attributes.

Quick Guide:

Hide/Unhide a Directory:

attrib -h directory

For example, if c:\mystuff\secret\ is hidden then type: attrib -h c:\mystuff\secret\ to unhide it.

To reverse the change and make the directory hidden, type: attrib +h c:\mystuff\secret\

Hide/Unhide a File:

attrib -h filename

For example, if c:\mystuff\secret.txt is hidden then type: attrib -h c:\mystuff\secret.txt to unhide it.

To reverse the change and make the file hidden, type: attrib +h c:\mystuff\secret.txt

Command Variations:

attrib
attrib filename

Display attributes of all the files in the current directory or of only the specified file.

attrib +attribute filename
attrib -attribute filename

For the specified file, either sets (+) or clears (-) the specified attribute attribute:
Attribute Meaning
a Archive
h Hidden
r Read-only
s System

Multiple attributes can be specified at the same time, all as part of one attrib command. The order of the attributes does not matter. For example, to simultaneously clear the hidden attribute and set the read-only attribute of the file mystuff.txt, use: attrib -h +r mystuff.txt

Command Options:

The following examples demonstrate some of the more useful options of the attrib command. For the complet list of options, type attrib /? or help attrib

Hide/Unhide a Directory:

attrib -h directory

For example, if c:\mystuff\secret\ is hidden then type: attrib -h c:\mystuff\secret\ to unhide it.

To reverse the change and make the directory hidden, type: attrib +h c:\mystuff\secret\

Hide/Unhide a File:

attrib -h filename

For example, if c:\mystuff\secret.txt is hidden then type: attrib -h c:\mystuff\secret.txt to unhide it.

To reverse the change and make the file hidden, type: attrib +h c:\mystuff\secret.txt

How to open notepad using MS DOS (command prompt) ?

Posted by technary.com on 1:13 PM

Warning: This command is for advanced users only!

Deletes one or more files. The specified file (or files) is deleted immediately deleted without any confirmation.

Tip: It is recommended that you delete files using Windows rather than MS-DOS. If you do use the del command, it is recommeded that you use the /p parameter so that a confirmation prompt is displayed before doing the deletion, such as: del /? *.txt

Danger: Do not delete anything unless you know exactly what you are doing. MS-DOS does not have a "Recycle Bin" so you cannot recover files deleted with the "del" command.

Danger: The character * (an asterisk) is the wildcard character and allows you to delete all matching files by using one command, such as "del *.tmp" deletes all files that end with ".tmp" in their filename. All matching files are immediately deleted without any confirmation and cannot be recovered.

Danger: It is extremely dangerous to use "del *" since that would delete everything in the directory. In this one case, MS-DOS realizes the danger and prompts you to confirm.

help del

Deletes one or more files.

DEL [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names
ERASE [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names

names Specifies a list of one or more files or directories.
Wildcards may be used to delete multiple files. If a
directory is specified, all files within the directory
will be deleted.

/P Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file.
/F Force deleting of read-only files.
/S Delete specified files from all subdirectories.
/Q Quiet mode, do not ask if ok to delete on global wildcard
/A Selects files to delete based on attributes
attributes R Read-only files S System files
H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving
- Prefix meaning not

If Command Extensions are enabled DEL and ERASE change as follows:

The display semantics of the /S switch are reversed in that it shows
you only the files that are deleted, not the ones it could not find.

How to open notepad using MS DOS (command prompt) ?

Posted by technary.com on 1:11 PM

Overview:

Use the notepad command to run the Windows Notepad text editor program.

Command Variations:

notepad

This command will cause the Windows Notepad text editor program to be run. This program is the same Windows Notepad program that is accessible in Windows via: Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

notepad filename

This command will cause the file named filename to be opened by the Notepad text editor. For example, notepad mylist.txt would open the mylist.txt file. If the file filename does not exist, Notepad will ask you if you want to create a new file with that name.

If you want to edit a file that is in a directory other than the current directory, then use the "cd directory" command first or specify the directory name as part of the filename, such as: "notepad \mystuff\ebooks\list.txt". If the filename contains spaces, enclose the entire filename in quotation marks, such as: notepad "\mystuff\my downloads\list.txt"

How to list folder details (dir) using MS DOS (command prompt)?

Posted by technary.com on 1:09 PM

Overview:

Use the dir command to display a listing of the contents of the current directory. Information about the files and subdirectories of the current directory will be displayed.

Command Variations:

dir directory

By specifying a directory, the contents of that directory is displayed. For example, dir \mystuff will display the contents of the \mystuff directory. Note: If directory contains a space, then type quotation marks around the directory name; for example, dir "c:\program files"

dir > myfiles.txt

Will save a list of all files contained in the current directory to the file myfiles.txt. You can use >filename at the end of any command to cause that command's output to be written to the file specified.

Tip: You can use the clip command to save the directory listing to the Windows clipboard, such as: dir | clip

Tip: If you want to save a list of files and their properties (e.g.: file size, last modified date) to a .csv spreadsheet file, try using the filelist utility.

dir *.txt

Displays a listing of all the .txt files located in the current (or specified) directory.

dir my*

Displays a listing of all files that start with the pattern you specify; in this example, "my".

Command Options:

There are a few options you can use with the dir command. For the complet list of options, type dir /? or help dir

Position of options: If you specify a directory as part of the command, options can be specified before or after directory

Multipel options: You can type more then one option at the same time. For example, dir /p/w \mystuff would display a wide listing of the \mystuff directory and pause after each screenful.

The following examples demonstrate some of the more useful options:

dir /p

Pause the directory listing after every screenful. To continue the listing, press any key (e.g.: spacebar or Enter key).

dir /o:gne

Displays a directory listing that is sorted. You specify the sort order by one or more letter after the /o: part. The most useful sort order is gne which puts all the subdirectories before files (g), and sorts by name (n), and then by filename ending (e).

Tip: You can set the sort order (remains in effect until you close the MS-DOS window) by typing a set command, such as: set dircmd=/o:gne

dir /o:s

Displays a directory listing that is sorted by size (smallest to largest). To reverse the sort order (largest size to smallest size), prefix the sort order with a - (minus sign): dir /o:-s

dir /o:d

Displays a directory listing that is sorted by date/time (oldest to newest; oldest at top, newest at bottom). To reverse the sort order (newest to oldest; newest at top, oldest at bottom), prefix the sort order with a - (minus sign): dir /o:-d

dir /s

Displays the contents of the current directory (or specified directory) as well as the contents of all subdirectories and their subdirectories too. Since the output can be very long, especially if you have subdirectories inside subdirectories, you probably should also use the /p option to pause output. If you forget to do that, you'll probably see the output zipping by on your screen; in that case, press Ctrl-C to stop the command. Or you might want to save the output to a text file, for example: dir /s > myfiles.txt will output a list of all files contained in the current directory and all subdirectories to the file myfiles.txt

dir /s *.txt

Displays a listing of all .txt files located in the current directory and in all subdirectories.

dir /s mystuff.txt

Displays a listing of all instances of a file named mystuff.txt located in the current directory and in all subdirectories. Useful when you know the name of a file but don't recall which subdirectory it is located in. You can think of this command as the equivalent of the Windows Search Companion (accessible by pressing F3 when viewing a Windows folder).

dir /w

Wide directory listing.

dir /b

Displays a directory listing showing just the filenames without header information or file size/date. This bare format is useful when you just want the actual filenames and you're going to do some sort of further processing. For example dir /b /s \mystuff > files.txt would create a file named files.txt that contains just the filenames of files located in the \mystuff directory and all its subdirectories.

dir /ah

Displays a listing of hidden files (if any) that are located in the directory. Tip: Use the attrib command to change the hidden attribute of a file.

How to Change Directory (cd) in MS DOS?

Posted by technary.com on 1:08 PM

Overview:

When you are using a Microsoft MS-DOS command window, MS-DOS works on one directory at a time. The "current" directory is indicated as part of the command prompt.

For example, the command prompt "C:\mystuff\ebooks>" means that the current directory is the "ebooks" directory which is located inside the "mystuff" directory on the c: drive.

Use the cd command to make a different directory the "current" directory ("cd" is short for "change directory").

The command can be typed as either:

cd directory

cd drive:directory

For example, "cd \mystuff" will make "\mystuff" the current directory. To get to the "root" (top level directory) of your c: drive, type cd \

If directory contains spaces, then enclose it with quotation marks. For example: cd "C:\Documents and Settings\CCC\My Documents\My Music" or cd "My Music"

Command Variations:

cd directory
cd drive:directory

Make the specified directory directory (or drive:directory) the current directory.

The directory can start with a \ or be relative to the current directory. For example, if the current directory is C:\mystuff then typing cd ebooks will change the current directory to C:\mystuff\ebooks (assuming that there is in fact a ebooks sub-directory inside C:\mystuff).

Note: Each drive (c:, d:, e:, etc.) has its own current directory. That's why there is the drive:directory variation of the cd command. For example: cd e:\photos will set the current directory of the e: drive to \photos. To switch to the e: drive, you would simply type e: and press the Enter key.

cd /d drive:directory

Make the specified directory directory the current directory and also switch do the drive: drive.

Tip: To make cd always do /d without you having to type it, create a command macro named cd by typing: doskey cd = cd /d $*

cd ..

You can also type cd .. (the two dots are required) to back out one level out of the current directory. For example, if the current directory is C:\mystuff\ebooks then typing cd .. will change the current directory to C:\mystuff

If you type cd without specifying a directory, the cd command will display the directory path of the current directory. Typically you will not use this variation of the cd command since the directory path is shown in the command prompt. It is more useful in batch files.

How to open MS DOS Command prompt?

Posted by technary.com on 1:07 PM

The below steps will teach you how to open MS DOS command prompt in any Windows OS. MS DOS is a command prompt of Microsoft Corporation and can be used a as an OS in its own way!

Step 1. Overview:

Run cmd.exe or command.exe
To open a Microsoft MS-DOS command prompt shell window, first click the Windows Start menu (located at the very lower-left corner of your computer's desktop) and select "Run...".
Then if you are using Windows XP or Vista or Windows 7, type cmd into the Run box and click "OK". You could also type cmd.exe
Otherwise, if you are using an older version of Windows, type command into the Run box and click "OK". You could also type command.exe

Step 2. The Window:

After you click "OK", an MS-DOS command prompt window will appear. Depending upon which version of Windows you are using, the MS-DOS command window will look similar to these images:

Step 3. Text/Background Colors:

The standard window displays white text on a black background. This color combination may make text difficult to read. To make the window display black text on a white background, type the command: color f0 (that's the letter f followed by the digit zero 0). To go back to the standard of white text on a black background, type: color

COUNTRY

(Internal)

COUNTRY=country code,

[code language="page"][/code]

FCBS

(Internal)

FCBS=(number)

Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the number of file-control blocks for file sharing.

FDISK

(External)

FDISK [/status]

Prepares a fixed disk to accept DOS files for storage.

FILES

(Internal)

FILES=(number)

Used in the CONFIG.Sys file to specify the maximum number of files that can be open at the same time.

FIND

(External)

FIND [/V][/C][/I][/N] ÒstringÓ [d:][path]filename[...]

Finds and reports the location of a specific string of text characters in one or more files.

FOR

MODE

RESTORE d: [d:][path]filename [/P][/S][/B:mm-dd-yy] [/A:mm-dd-yy][/E:hh:mm:ss] [/L:hh:mm:ss] [/M][/N][/D]

Restores to standard disk storage format files previously stored using the BACKUP command.

RMDIR (RD)

(Internal)

RMDIR (RD) [d:]path

Removes a subdirectory.

SCANDISK

(External)

Starts the Microsoft ScanDisk program which is a disk analysis and repair tool used to check a drive for errors and correct any problems that it finds.

SELECT

(External)

SELECT [d:] [d:][path] [country code][keyboard code]

Formats a disk and installs country-specific information and keyboard codes (starting with DOS Version 6, this command is no longer available).

SET

(Internal)

SET (string1)=(string2)

Inserts strings into the command environment. The set values can be used later by programs.

SETVER

(External)

SETVER [d:]:path][filename (number)][/delete][/quiet]

Displays the version table and sets the version of DOS that is reported to programs.

(External)

SYS

[source][/source]

[/source]

Transfers or copies the operating system files to another disk.

TIME

(Internal)

TIME hh:mm[:ss][.cc][A|P]

Displays current time setting of system clock and provides a way for you to reset the time.

TREE

(External)

TREE [d:][path] [/A][/F]

Displays directory paths and (optionally) files in each subdirectory.

TYPE

(Internal)

TYPE [d:][path]filename

Displays the contents of a file.

(External)

XCOPY [d:][path]filename [d:][path][filename] [/A][/D:(date)] [/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W][Y\-Y]
Copies directories, subdirectories, and files.

Syntax Notes

To be functional, each DOS command must be entered in a particular way. This command entry structure is known as the command's "syntax." The syntax "notation" is a way to reproduce the command syntax in print. Think of syntax as pronouncing the command or language, but in writing.

For example, you can determine the items that are optional, by looking for information that is printed inside square brackets. The notation [d:], for example, indicates an optional drive designation. The command syntax, on the other hand, is how you enter the command to make it work.

Command Syntax Elements

1. Command Name

The DOS command name is the name you enter to start the DOS program (a few of the DOS commands can be entered using shortcut names). The DOS command name is always entered first. In this book, the command is usually printed in uppercase letters, but you can enter command names as either lowercase or uppercase or a mix of both.

2. Space

Always leave a space after the command name.

3. Drive Designation

The drive designation (abbreviated in this book as "d:") is an option for many DOS commands. However, some commands are not related to disk drives and therefore do not require a drive designation. Whenever you enter a DOS command that deals with disk drives and you are already working in the drive in question, you do not have to enter the drive designator. For example, if you are working in drive A (when the DOS prompt A> is showing at the left side of the screen) and you want to use the DIR command to display a directory listing of that same drive, you do not have to enter the drive designation. If you do not enter a drive designation, DOS always assumes you are referring to the drive you are currently working in (sometimes called the "default" drive).

4. A Colon

When referring to a drive in a DOS command, you must always follow the drive designator with a colon (:) (this is how DOS recognizes it as a drive designation).

5. Pathname

A pathname (path) refers to the path you want DOS to follow in order to act on the DOS command. As described in Chapter 3, it indicates the path from the current directory or subdirectory to the files that are to be acted upon.

6. Filename

A filename is the name of a file stored on disk. As described in Chapter 1, a filename can be of eight or fewer letters or other legal characters.

7. Filename Extension

A filename extension can follow the filename to further identify it. The extension follows a period and can be of three or fewer characters. A filename extension is not required.

8. Switches

Characters shown in a command syntax that are represented by a letter or number and preceded by a forward slash (for example, "/P") are command options (sometimes known as "switches"). Use of these options activate special operations as part of a DOS command's functions.

9. Brackets

Items enclosed in square brackets are optional; in other words, the command will work in its basic form without entering the information contained inside the brackets.

10. Ellipses

Ellipses (...) indicate that an item in a command syntax can be repeated as many times as needed.

11. Vertical Bar

When items are separated by a vertical bar (|), it means that you enter one of the separated items. For example: ON | OFF means that you can enter either ON or OFF, but not both.

What is MS-DOS?

Posted by technary.com on 12:55 PM

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) was the Microsoft-marketed version of the first widely-installed operating system in personal computers. It was essentially the same operating system that Bill Gates's young company developed for IBM as Personal Computer - Disk Operating System (PC-DOS). Most users of either DOS system simply referred to their system as Disk Operating System. Like PC-DOS, MS-DOS was (and still is) a non-graphical line-oriented command-driven operating system, with a relatively simple interface but not overly "friendly" user interface. Its prompt to enter a command looks like this:

The first Microsoft Windows operating system was really an application that ran on top of the MS-DOS operating system. Today, Windows operating systems continue to support DOS (or a DOS-like user interface) for special purposes by emulating the operating system.

In the 1970s before the personal computer was invented, IBM had a different and unrelated DOS that ran on smaller business computers. It was replaced by IBM's VSE operating system.

How to buy a domain name?

Posted by technary.com on 9:45 AM

Would you like your own website? First, you will need to purchase a domain name.

Follow these steps:

Click on the below banner:
A search box is provided on their home page. Search for your desired domain name and select the extension (.com, .net etc.)
If it is available, push "Continue to Registration."
Select how many years you would like to own your domain name. You will be able to renew your domain name later if you choose.
You will be given options to purchase e-mail addresses and web hosting. These are not essential when purchasing your domain name. But, you will need someone to host your domain name when you are ready to publish material on your site. Web Hosting can be added at a later date. Select "Checkout."
Select payment method and purchase your domain name

Advantages in Chess

Posted by technary.com on 9:44 AM

* The first advantage is the initiative that is to play first and be ahead in a plan. It is to attack first. It looks like the tennis serve.

* The Open plans with benefits that can be drawn are: the dominance and occupation of the center, the rapid development (ends COMMUNICATE Framework is the towers) and a form of development is the coordination that is CASTLING join two or more pieces on a weak target for example the Bishop on c4 and coordinating h5 lady on f7 to give the Pastor and the structure is that from the outset to take care of diseases of the pawns on the contrary.

* The benefits may include:: STATIC when last a long time and almost always are those of the laborers or DYNAMIC lasting not more than a few plays and are the threats and attacks, among others.

* The benefits compared with laborers are PASSED FREE or pawn that is to be queen and not pawns in front. The isolated pawn that has no pawns themselves in the columns of its sides, the hanging pawns are like two isolated pawns together, the backward pawn is the one with unlike Restrainer not let him go and not have to defend you own pawn ; pawns that occur when one eats and hinder each other in advance.

* Other benefits you need to know their names are: GOOD BISHOP against bad bishop that depends on what color are blocked pawns, bishops of different colors that make terrible struggles especially with ladies, the domain of double columns with towers, possession of the seventh row of the kinds of threats to the king, the centralization of pieces like the horse, MOBILE pawns that are preferred to have them in the center, weak COLOR; the termination of a pawn chain; The gain in time that may be at the expense of material, the counter-attack or counter-play that are the prospects for controlling an attack by another rival for the deal to defend.

20 Tips Chess from The Master

Posted by technary.com on 9:43 AM

1) Do not mourn for losing or going crazy with joy for having won a game.
2) Remember to do a merger before each game.
3) No tire run before each game.
4) Keep a spreadsheet every play of all games, at least the first 20 plays.
5) analyze each part after having played in groups to see what went wrong. If possible with a more experienced player who is willing to do so.
6) With white to 1. e4 e5 play the Ruy Lopez or Italian but with c3 and then do d4. Not with Nc3.
7) Vary the moves of the openings.
8) Always think what makes every play instead and always review the play are going to do before playing.
9) Remember that the only and first level must be done to castle!
10) Before you consider whether to eat, or if there is another threat that is worth more. All inexperienced boys eat first thing they see and do not realize if anything more important.
11) Do not change the ladies if you are losing.
12) When you have advantage for change and winning the ladies final albeit with a FREE pawn.
13) Every pawn move you or the other reviews to see how they pawns. Remember AISLADODEBIL PEON, PEON FREE STRONG FOLDING PEON
14) Always look at the CLOCK. Never forget to press the CLOCK. When missing EYE 5 minutes to change the rules: Ask to explain them to you clearly. The main thing is impossible not to lose a play.
15) If the other has no material to mate can not win. So if you eat it while losing all pawns to make it to the king only, although you can not checkmate the time remaining.
16) Never worry, especially in the Apertura. Play every game thinking as much as possible !!!!!!
17) When your opponent thinks is good to imagine situations that might threaten and when you think it is necessary to calculate the variations.
18) Stand up for a few seconds to rest and walk during the game, get some air, eating something with sugar, but do not be distracted too.
19) Behave gentlemanly. Before playing a piece checks whether the move is good. Do not ask to leave you do another. Accept it. Being a good athlete is the best result you can get.
20) Above Become good friends and I KNOW GOOD FRIEND.

Chess tricks by Council

Posted by technary.com on 9:41 AM

Chess is easy, fun but difficult to master with skill. Following these tips you might be able to conduct a game against anyone intelligent!.

General Principles:

1. Always play to dominate the center of the board. Occupies, or monitor the heart attack. The sides and corners have no life.

2. Develops all your pieces quickly, not just one. The opening is a race for continued rapid development. Achieving development is to connect the towers so that they can occupy central positions for the middle game and grab open files.

3. Castling quickly. This leads the king to safety and the tower to play up the middle. And at the same time try to keep your opponent is castling, if possible, without sacrificing material.

4. Do not sacrifice material with no way to recover or what you give but how to kill the king.

5. Do not waste time moving the same piece twice.

6. You make few moves of pawns, only enough to release your pieces.

7. Develop knights before the bishops.

8. Avoid early adventures with the lady. develops minor pieces (knights and bishops) before the larger pieces (towers and lady).

9. Avoid giving useless jaques.

10.Piensa if your opponent is going to find the best moves and do not play for him (traps) traps naive unless you're desperate.

4 Important tips

Posted by technary.com on 9:40 AM

CONCENTRATE!

Only a distraction can cost you a game. chess requires total concentration. Many players only use a fraction of its energy. Keep your mind completely on the game. Play to win. Nobody is interested in your excuses when you lose.

THINKING WITH EVERYTHING!

Do not trust your first instinct when choosing a play. Sit on your hands! To avoid disaster, every time your opponent moves, stop and ask yourself: What is the threat? Do not move until you understand the position. Remember: it is absolutely essential to your development as a chess player to adopt the rule of "piece touched, moved piece. Once you touch the pieces move l to you. Do not expect or ask for reconsideration or forgiveness.

Learn from your mistakes!

Always write your game, even the friendly and study them after trying to find the errors, if they still do not know. It will be good to lose the same way twice. You will have a way to check your progress.

STUDY!

Spend the recent games of the masters in books and magazines. Combining this study with the game against strong opponents. Spend all the time you have available.

Practical Advice for Beginners Chess

Posted by technary.com on 9:36 AM

1 .- At the opening, avoid moving the same piece twice. This will help to achieve rapid development.

2.-In the opening made few moves of pawns, only enough to free his pieces.

3 .- Move your pawn on e4 or d4 as a first move. It is the pawn that allows faster development.

4 .- Try to control the central squares (d4 d5 e4 e5). From there it dominates the entire board.

5 .- Enróquese fast. Unleash your bishop and rook. This leads the king to safety and the tower to play up the middle. And at the same time tries to prevent his opponent castling, if possible, without sacrificing material.

6 .- Develop knights before bishops.

7 .- Avoid placing knights and bishops on the board edge. Dominate least squares.

8 .- When capturing a pawn always do toward the center if possible. The central pawns are stronger.

9 .- Use the pawns to defend his major pieces, never use his major pieces to defend pawns. This will help the older parts are available for carrying out the attack.

10 .- Ask yourself, "If I were my opponent, what my next move?" Then find a way to avoid this move or a plan that makes that play is not the best for him.

11 .- Avoid giving useless jaques. It's just a waste of time.

12 .- If you have material advantage, however slight, feel free to change parts, this will increase the advantage towards the end, when there are fewer parts. Eg If you have 5 peons to 4 has a 20% advantage, If you have 2 pawns versus 1 has the double distinction of being the pawns the same.

13 .- Remember that a bishop can only cover 50% of the board. (White or black boxes as bishop that is). But a horse can only go around the board. (The squares of both colors alternately in each movement). This is important if you have to decide which piece sacrifice or change before the end of the game.

14 .- Pawns are insignificant at first, but they are becoming more important as we approach the eighth line and can become larger pieces (especially women). Do not underestimate.

15 .- Most of the parts work better together with others that if they are separated by the entire board.

16 .- Do not try to look for opportunities to double with a horse or pawns. It is better to find a way to create them, tempting his opponent with little sacrifices.

17 .- Do not sacrifice material without seeing how it recovers or if not what gives mate the opposing king.

5 Tips to Winning Chess Strategy

Posted by technary.com on 9:35 AM

Chess strategy can be the difference in winning or losing the game. If you don’t have the right chess strategy you can very well lose the game within five minutes of starting the play. With our five chess tips below you should be able to learn enough as a beginner to have a successful game. You can always build on the chess tips below to create a better chess strategy as you learn more about the game and play more opponents.
The first in chess tips is concentrate on your opponent’s moves. You don’t want to over concentrate for the chess strategy to work, but a certain concentration is needed. The point of this tip is that you don’t want to get so lost in your own plan, which we will discuss later in chess tips that your chess strategy doesn’t change when needed. Chess strategy is about having a plan for the game, but it is also about adapting to the other players moves.
Chess tips number 2 says that you must have a plan. This plan is a basic chess strategy for how you are going to win the game. Sometimes you can have five moves that will win you the game; however it is more often that the other player will negate your moves by moving differently. This is when watching your opponent supersedes the move plan. As we mentioned there are two different types of plans in chess tips. The second type of chess tips related to a plan is how you will use the chess strategy you have. In other words it is the adaptability of your strategy that is important.
The third chess tips is move the best possible move. There will be other moves you can make within your chess strategy, however not all moves are going to be the best. Instead one move could cost you more than the better move.
Chess tips number 4 is know what the pieces are worth. The pieces have different value because of how they can be used. In chess you can get some pieces back when you get a pawn to the opponents last square; however you shouldn’t bet on this in a game. So by knowing the value of the pieces you are losing you can assess the damage control you need to make to your plan.
Above all other chess tips you need to keep your king safe at all costs. This is about knowing what pieces to trade in the chess strategy so that the king will remain unharmed and safe for you to continue playing.
In Chess the game is over when the King is in checkmate. By being alert and thinking about the endgame you can be more successful in wins than at any other point in your learning how to play chess. These tips are pretty basic and as you get more advanced you may find a strategy that works the best for you in almost every game.

Tips for newcomers to chess

Posted by technary.com on 8:33 AM

• At the beginning of the game is important to develop our items quickly. Try to first move your knights and bishops.
• To enable the rapid departure of the bishops is appropriate that the first movement is the one of the central pawn (the e and d).
• In the beginning of the game trying not to move your Lady, if you draw too soon can be threatened by other parts, thus delaying your development.
• At this stage you also have to try not to move the same piece twice, is losing valuable time that your opponent can use to go in pieces in action.
• It is important to you to treat dominate the center of the board, either with your peons or other pieces.
• As for Torres always try to be interconnected (that no parts between them), thus mutually supportive and are more dangerous.
• When you have an open file must manage it well with some of the towers or even with the Lady. In the following example the
• Keep your King protected, castling is a good system so they can not threaten him. Later, when the game is much more advanced and you are not too many pieces on the board, you can get the King of their strength and to advance around the board, you will see that in these situations becomes a powerful weapon because it can move in all directions.
• The value of the bishop is often considered something more than the horse, this is a relative thing, if the position is closed (with lots of pieces and pawns) develops the horse better, but if the position is open, with few parts and open diagonal, the bishop is crucial.
• It is important that beginners seek to make sacrifices combinations of parts, this will help develop their imagination and their understanding of the game. At first this kind of moves will lead them to defeat, but will serve in many respects.

Keep your King safe when you play chess

Posted by technary.com on 8:31 AM

Everyone knows when you play chess that the object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's King. But sometimes a player thinks about his own plans so much that he forgets that his opponent is also King hunting!

It's generally a good idea when you play chess is to place your King in a safe place by castling early in the game. Once you've castled, you should be very careful about advancing the pawns near your King. They are like bodyguards; the farther away they go, the easier it is for your opponent's pieces to get close to your King. (For this reason, it's often good to try to force your opponent to move the pawns near his King.)

Beginner Tips for Beginners Chess

Posted by technary.com on 8:29 AM

The following tips are particularly suited for chess beginners. If you're already familiar with the evidence presented, you will find in the other categories to be something new.

1. Draw at the beginning of the game as possible only once with each character.

Reason: All the characters want to participate in the game, they are only in the basic position of its field of action is limited.

2. Make as few pawn moves.

Reason: The farther your peasants move forward, the easier they can be attacked. Moreover, it is important to develop his characters (see 1 tip). For chess beginners offer the e4 d4 pawn moves from the perspective of white and e5 d5 at from the perspective of black.

3. Make as early as possible, the castling

Reason: The King is in the middle easy to attack, since the center maschieren farmers usually forward to make room for the characters. The objective is therefore the king to safety.

4. Springer on the edge, brings sorrow and shame

Justification: This ancient wisdom you get in any club indoctrinated as chess beginners. The reason for this is that the jumper is on the edge just a few moves. At the beginning of the game has the jumper on b1 e.g. only 2 moves. Will he pulled on c3 it is already 5th

5. Bring the lady is not too early into the game

Reason: The lady is next to the king the most important figure. When you put far forward, it is easy to attack. The consequence would be that one, you must reconsider. Thus we lose precious time that should be preferred to use for the development of other characters.

6. Recommendation for an opening

There is no optimal order to develop his characters, or the best opening with which you will always receive a benefit. I would like to recommend it as a chess novice with the following order for your development to try.

White immediately takes control in the center. Should beat your black farmers, hit back with the farmer. Next, make the short castling and develop your remaining characters. Read more about the training area opening.

7. Idiots Matt

A very apt name, considering that a chess game can be after already 3 moves to an end. But I know to be honest no one has ever fallen out () does not even chess beginners. However, I want to introduce the idiot Matt.

Tip: Do not hope that it works! Forget it best again:)

Incidentally, with the sequence of moves 1.f3 e5 2 g4 # Dh4 it is already in the second train passing for white.

General Tips Chess

Posted by technary.com on 8:27 AM

Nevertheless, I recommend heading - Beginners Chess Tips to fly, maybe there are still a few new hints. But now we come to the general chess tips.

1. The trains of the enemy to understand

An important criterion for success in chess is to analyze the moves of the opponent. After each train of the enemy we must therefore consider what the train for a purpose. He accesses a figure of me? Will he develop it? Or does it even preparing an attack against my king? Only when you realize what has the enemy in front, you can react accordingly.

2. Time can be!

Chess beginners are naturally very high spirits. That means they make your moves very quickly. Often they have a brilliant idea, and even while pursuing this goal over several moves. But it is always necessary to think after each train, which will happen after that. What will the opponent (see Chess Tip 1)? Sometimes turns out to be a good idea that is a mistake because such the enemy has found a way to defend themselves. In this case, you have to cancel his plan. So always think first before you anfässt a figure!

Conclusion Tip 1 + 2: In chess, it comes out for the trains in advance to calculate. Experienced chess players can plan advance loosely 4-5 trains.

3. The battle for the center

Who controls the center of the board, also controlled the whole game. But what exactly is the center? - There are the fields e4 d4 e5 d5.

The goal should be to fill these fields with farmers, and to position pieces in such a way that they cover these fields to attack.

4. Attack

After the figures have been developed, and the king is safe, you should attack. How? A general concept, I can not deliver, unfortunately, as every chess game is different. Some basic ideas but I will explain:

1. An attack on the opponent's king is usually the best form of attack

2. Put the pieces into position. This means that you have for example a half-line against the opponent's king, its towers can be positioned where

The same goes for bishop, knight and lady. Put the pieces into position and then strike. Keep to the saying: "A good offense is the best defense." Attacking me personally that it is much more fun than defending myself the whole game.

5. as much as possible to play chess

Experience makes perfect! When you play every day just a game of chess, will improve the skills quickly. Often, however, lack the appropriate training partner. For this reason, I recommend the purchase of a chess program for your computer. In recent years, the program has been established here, Fritz, which is even able to defeat world champion. (Link) Admittedly, it is quite expensive, but who uses it properly, not only has a game partner, but like a real coach. I can recommend the purchase e.g. Amazon Fritz 11 - The very great chess program

The alternative to the chess program to play chess on platforms on the Internet. For this reason I myself have a new platform to develop the course is free. Just click www.onlineschach.eu and put you on an account. It would be very happy whenever I can play against you (my nickname is Beaver).

Chess tips for club players

Posted by technary.com on 8:25 AM

You are a club player or play public tournaments? Then you're absolutely right in this column.
Nevertheless, I recommend the headings - "Beginners Chess Tips" and "General chess tips fly", perhaps you still find some new clues. But let us now turn to the chess tips.

1. Writing down all the games

You want to improve yourself? Then learn from your own mistakes! Write on each lot for analysis afterwards. One can for example here is a scoresheet template download.
Alternative: The chess clubs have their own game forms that can be used. Simple questions and politely gets what.

To analyze it in two ways Verfürung:
With other players as possible (better) or with the help of a chess program on the computer.

Chess players are generally friendly contemporaries, so it offers itself frequently to analyze the opponent's game. I myself have learned from my opponents more often than in the self-study. Ideally, you analyze the game but with a trained instructor of the club, which is significantly stronger than oneself If any of these opportunities available to help the independent analysis using a computer.

2. Learn how to start any overtures by heart

Many coaches begin to bring your proteges opening theory contribute to. There is much more important to learn how to reposition its characters should be, what strategies there are in the middle game and how to win finals. You know what it ungleichfarbigen runners with 2 wins against a king? If not you should necessarily acquire this knowledge?

Theory forget it! Logic and not understanding. I was studium sbedingt 3 years inactive. During this time I have almost all the revelations which I have learned to forget! However, I played chess again successful.

3. Tactical Training

Strategy and endgame knowledge one learns best by a chess-trained teachers. Tactics have to exert yourself at home! With tactical training is meant solving chess problems, say "sit in the x-trains the black Checkmate"

To train this, you must bite the bullet and buy an appropriate tactics book. I own the book 5333 +1 positions of Polgar and this can only recommend. The advantage: There are thousands of tasks for all levels. The book is therefore suitable for beginners as well as for professionals. The downside is the price and that I have ever found in any shop on the Internet (more is somewhat older) the book.

Who likes to spend any money, can solve chess in training range from tipps.de thousands of tasks. the Training Area

4. Preparation for the opponent

The more professional you become, the more likely it is that there are already records of the opponent's game. A brief analysis of what plays the opponent for disclosures that can bring a great advantage. Do you know for example as one against the monkeys Gambit 1st b4) (as Black sets up favorably?

There is a free open browser e.g. at schachtrainer.de if one wants to look for an opponent (to know what he plays) has to be better or worse, rely on products from Chessbase. A free "trial version" can be found on chesslive.de (by me are also a few games drinne). For the professional field, it will then need to buy a similar product. Mitlerweile there is a starter package: ChessBase 10 Starter for "only" 155 euro. The database has contained whopping 3.75 million games, and you can also use the online database of ChessBase. Perhaps you have good fortune on Ebay, and you can have an older version favorable bid.

5. Chess Training

Train, train, train and train again. In chess, it is important that we remain constantly on the ball. If you want to be truly successful, you have to join a chess club and go regularly (at least 1 times a week) for the chess training. In addition, you may continue to evolve in self-study. In chess-tipps.de found in the training area, some important lessons. If this should be worked out, it maybe learning with chess books, such as with the book series "Tiger Leap" by Grandmaster Artur Yusupov. I have read so far only a part 1: "Tiger Leaping to ELO 1500", but I am absolutely delighted. The book is divided into 24 sessions are each composed of a theoretical part and a part of the exercise. At the end of the book, there is a final test of showing any signs of weakness. Anyone who works through this book really should not go above problems, the ELO 1500th Oneself but should have at least one ELO of 1000, otherwise this book is too heavy. Incidentally, I use this book for the club training, even players with more than 1500DWZ here to learn about this new. Tiger Leaping to ELO 1500 for Amazon.com

11 tricks to win at chess

Posted by technary.com on 8:22 AM

These are the golden rules of acceptable way to play chess. They target those who already know the rules of the game but they are few experts. So, for those who seldom fail to win. Put them into practice and begin to be a good chess player.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHESS

There are many chess books. There are books for beginners, with basic rules. And there are more advanced books for players who already have enough practice.

But what is for most?. For those players who know the basic rules that do not tend to leave unprotected a piece ... but almost always lose or have difficulty gaining an egg and a half even with a beginner ...

For the overwhelming majority of chess players who want to play better. For "advanced beginners". Here are a few tips of gold. A few basic principles to improve your game quickly without getting into messy details.

BASICS TO INSTANTLY IMPROVE YOUR LEVEL OF CHESS

1 .- The beginning of the game must be considered a "career" with two objectives:

- Control board as much as possible
- To suit most parts of attack

2 .- Avoid moving the same piece twice in the beginning. Remember the "race". Save movements.

3 .- Unless you really know what you're doing and why, what you should do is open the game (first movement) with one of the central pawns (the King or Queen) by moving 2 squares forward. If you're playing black and white opened with one of these movements you should respond to it.

4 .- The ideal site for Horses is the center of the board. Stand them in there as soon as possible.

5 .- Try to attack the Queen in the early game is not usually a good idea. Your opponent can attack it with pieces of little value and very protected. This will force you to move your queen again and again to protect it which will prevent you develop the game with other pieces. In turn, your opponent will be deploying their own.

6 .- After deploying the bishops and knights should enrocarte. Castling helps protect the King and deploy a Tower. Therefore, avoid moving the enrocarte King before since you can not do if you've moved to the King (well, but that you must know).

7 .- Avoid having two pawns on the same column (a common situation where a piece catches your Peon). If you have no choice but to capture a piece with a Peon you do and point (which is not a matter of fuss). But if you have several ways to do always choose one that does not leave a Pawn in front of another (of yours).

8 .- If a column has a piece (or yours or your opponent) tries to put one of your towers in it.

9 .- The square f2 (or f7 for Black) is at the beginning of the game, a weakness. Préstale attention.

10 .- laborers often are formed so as to protect one another diagonally. This may make it difficult for you "inside" enemy territory. The trick is to find a Peon checked out at the end of this chain. Capture (probably with a horse) can be a good idea.

11 .- Never move hoping that your opponent plays poorly, or "to see if he does not realize ...". Always assume that he will make the best possible move. And if not, then good for you.

Tuesday, November 30, 2010

Monday, November 29, 2010

Sunday, November 28, 2010

What are variable types?

Declaring Variables in C++

Common Errors when Declaring Variables in C++

Case Sensitivity

Saturday, November 27, 2010

Friday, November 26, 2010

Thursday, November 25, 2010

Wednesday, November 24, 2010

Tuesday, November 23, 2010

Monday, November 22, 2010

Sunday, November 21, 2010

Saturday, November 20, 2010

Friday, November 19, 2010

Thursday, November 18, 2010

Wednesday, November 17, 2010

Step 1. Overview:

Step 2. The Window:

Step 3. Text/Background Colors:

Tuesday, November 16, 2010

DOS